IJ Press maintains the integrity of the published record in line with COPE retraction guidelines.

• Correction (Erratum / Corrigendum): for errors that do not affect the validity of the conclusions. An erratum covers publisher-introduced errors; a corrigendum covers author errors. A linked correction notice is published and the original is updated or annotated.
• Expression of Concern: issued when there is well-founded concern about a published work that is still under investigation.
• Retraction: used for unreliable findings (from honest error or misconduct), plagiarism, redundant publication, unethical research, or major undisclosed conflicts. The original article is retained, clearly watermarked “Retracted,” and linked to a freely available retraction notice explaining the reason.

All correction, concern, and retraction notices are free to access and are permanently linked to the original article so the record remains transparent.